Operant Conditioning free essay sample

Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli and involves respondent behavior, or the automatic responses to a stimulus. In operant conditioning, organisms associate their own actions with consequences. Action followed by reinforcers increase and those followed by punishers decrease. It uses operant behavior, or behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli. Operant conditioning involves operant behavior that actively operates on the environment to produce stimuli. Skinners work elaborated a simple fact that Edward Thorndike called the law of effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur. In his experiments involving the now famous ‘Skinner box’, Skinner used shaping, a procedure in which rewards guide an animals behavior toward a desired behavior. By rewarding responses that are ever closer to the final desired behavior, and ignoring all other responses, researchers can gradually shape complex behaviors. A reinforcer is any event that increases the frequency of a preceding response. We will write a custom essay sample on Operant Conditioning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reinforcers can be: positive, presenting a pleasant stimulus after a response; negative, reducing or removing an unpleasant stimulus; primary, innately satisfying; or secondary, learned; and immediate or delayed. When the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs, continuous reinforcement is involved. More common are partial reinforcement schedules. Fixed-ratio schedules reinforce behavior after a set number of responses; variable-ratio schedules provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses. Fixed-interval schedules feature an equal pause after each reinforcer, and variable-interval schedules reinforce the first response after varying time intervals. Like reinforcement, punishment is most effective when strong, immediate, and consistent. However, punishment is not simply the opposite of reinforcement, due to the fact that it can have several undesirable side effects, such as increased aggression and fear of the punisher. Even when punishment suppresses unwanted behavior, it often does not guide one toward more desirable behavior. The cognitive perspective has led to an important qualification concerning the power of rewards. The over justification effect  indicates that people may come to see rewards, rather than interest, as the motivation for performing a task. By undermining intrinsic interest, rewards can carry hidden costs. As with classical conditioning, an animals natural predispositions constrain its capacity for operant conditioning. Skinner has been criticized for repeatedly insisting that external influences, not internal thoughts and feelings, shape behavior and for urging the use of operant principles to control peoples behavior. Critics argue that he dehumanized people by neglecting their personal freedom and by seeking to control their actions. Operant principles have been applied in a variety of settings. For example, in schools, computer-assisted instruction embodies the operant ideal of individualized shaping and immediate reinforcement. In businesses, positive reinforcement for jobs well done has boosted employee productivity. In the home, peoples use of energy has been decreased by altering the consequences and providing feedback. Operant Conditioning free essay sample Study Guide Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a person changes his behavior because of the results of his behavior. Skinner Box Example of Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a form of learning, which states that a person changes his behavior because of the results of his behavior. The result of acts can be reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Positive reinforcement (Reinforcement) occurs when there is a reward for a form of behavior. Negative reinforcement (Escape) occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed. Positive punishment occurs when a stimulus is added, which results in the behavior occurring less often. Negative punishment occurs when a stimulus is taken away, which results in the behavior occurring less often. Operant Conditioning ? Operant conditioning is a form of learning. According to this theory, a person changes his behavior because of the results of his behavior. extinction ? the action of making or becoming obsolete or discontinued. We will write a custom essay sample on Operant Conditioning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Operant conditioning Operant conditioning is a form of learning. According to this theory, a person changes his behavior because of the results of his behavior. The result can be: Reinforcement: a positive or rewarding event which causes the behavior to occur more often. Punishment: a negative or punishing event which causes the behavior to occur less often. Extinction: no event follows; the behavior has no consequences. When a behavior has no consequences, it will occur less frequently. Four Contexts of Operant Conditioning Within operant conditioning, the terms positive and negative are not used in their common or popular sense; positive means that something is added, and negative means something is taken away. Positive reinforcement (Reinforcement) occurs when there is a reward for a form of behavior. This will increase the frequency at which the behavior occurs. In the Skinner Box experiment, the reward is in the form of food when the rat presses a lever. Negative reinforcement (Escape) occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed. This will increase the frequency at which the behavior occurs. In the Skinner Box experiment, there was a loud noise, which was removed when the rat pressed the lever. Positive punishment occurs when a stimulus is added, which results in the behavior occurring less often. Example stimuli may be loud noise, electric shock (rat), or a spanking (child). Negative punishment occurs when a stimulus is taken away, which results in the behavior occurring less often. An example might be a childs toy taken away after the child does an undesired behavior. Summary: 2. Operant Conditioning It is the basic process by which an individuals behavior is shaped by reinforcement or by punishment. A good example is the study by Pedalino Gamboa (1974). To help reduce the frequency of employee tardiness, the researchers implemented a game-like system for all employees that arrived on time. When an employee arrived on time, they were allowed to draw a card. Over the course of a 5-day workweek, the employee would have a full hand for poker. At the end of the week, the best hand won $20. This simple method reduced employee tardiness significantly and demonstrated the effectiveness of operant conditioning on humans. Source: http://www. studymode. com/essays/Examples-Of-Classical-Conditioning-Operant-Conditioning-609191. html

Free Essays on Angle Of Repose And Ego States

Throughout the entire novel, the narrator, Lyman Ward, illustrates all of the three ego states, Parent, Adult and Child. Lyman’s physical state and encounters with others influence his ego state status. The retired professor’s ego states are brought out by his work and the people he interacts with. When Lyman Ward interacts with Shelly Rasmussen, the aide that performs secretarial duties, he normally is in his Parent ego state. Shelly’s choice of life style and intellect creates a conflict between the professor and the aide. When she begins to question him on his grandmother’s sexual conduct he attempts to control her actions by questioning her and telling her that was the way it was â€Å"that’s what they would have done, turned out the light.† Also, when talking about his ex-wife, Lyman Ward becomes short and quickly ends a conversation with his son, Rodman. Lyman directs Rodman’s behavior by ending the conversation quickly and telling him that he has nothing to say to her and that should be told to her. When writing his novel, Lyman, is in the Adult ego state. With little emotion, Lyman dictates the historical account of his grandmother’s transient life. Being a retired professor of history, he describes the all the people and places with a historical accuracy that his career allowed him. Lyman describes all the events in his grandmother’s life as they were, helping the reader of his book understand and learn the history of his life. Lyman goes into the Adult ego state once again when he thinking about Ada’s version of Shelly’s marital situation. He is trying to describe to himself what is correct and not correct and avoid the motherly biases that Ada has. Later in the book, Lyman questions himself. He questions his intentions, why he is doing what his is doing and why he is there. This is another sign that Lyman is in his Adult ego state. He is answering the questions with factual and neutral answers. Lyman... Free Essays on Angle Of Repose And Ego States Free Essays on Angle Of Repose And Ego States Throughout the entire novel, the narrator, Lyman Ward, illustrates all of the three ego states, Parent, Adult and Child. Lyman’s physical state and encounters with others influence his ego state status. The retired professor’s ego states are brought out by his work and the people he interacts with. When Lyman Ward interacts with Shelly Rasmussen, the aide that performs secretarial duties, he normally is in his Parent ego state. Shelly’s choice of life style and intellect creates a conflict between the professor and the aide. When she begins to question him on his grandmother’s sexual conduct he attempts to control her actions by questioning her and telling her that was the way it was â€Å"that’s what they would have done, turned out the light.† Also, when talking about his ex-wife, Lyman Ward becomes short and quickly ends a conversation with his son, Rodman. Lyman directs Rodman’s behavior by ending the conversation quickly and telling him that he has nothing to say to her and that should be told to her. When writing his novel, Lyman, is in the Adult ego state. With little emotion, Lyman dictates the historical account of his grandmother’s transient life. Being a retired professor of history, he describes the all the people and places with a historical accuracy that his career allowed him. Lyman describes all the events in his grandmother’s life as they were, helping the reader of his book understand and learn the history of his life. Lyman goes into the Adult ego state once again when he thinking about Ada’s version of Shelly’s marital situation. He is trying to describe to himself what is correct and not correct and avoid the motherly biases that Ada has. Later in the book, Lyman questions himself. He questions his intentions, why he is doing what his is doing and why he is there. This is another sign that Lyman is in his Adult ego state. He is answering the questions with factual and neutral answers. Lyman...

How to Return a Value in JavaScript

How to Return a Value in JavaScript The best way to pass information back to code that called a function in JavaScript is to write the function so the values that are used by the function are passed to it as parameters and the function returns whatever value it needs to without using or updating any global variables. By limiting the way in which information is passed to and from functions, it is easier to reuse the same function from multiple places in the code. JavaScript Return Statement JavaScript provides for passing one value back to the code that called it after everything in the function that needs to run has finished running. JavaScript passes a value from a function back to the code that called it by using the return statement. The value to be returned is specified in the return. That value can be a  constant value, a variable, or a calculation where the result of the calculation is returned. For example: return 3;return xyz;return true;return x / y 27;​You can include multiple return statements into your function each of which returns a different value. In addition to returning the specified value the return statement also acts as an instruction to exit from the function at that point. Any code that follows the return statement will not be run.function num(x, y) {if (x ! y) {return false;}if (x 5) {return 5;}return x;} The above function shows how you control which return statement is run by using if statements. The value that is returned from a call to a function is the value of that function call. For example, with that function, you can set a variable to the value that is returned using the following code (which would set result to 5). var result num(3,3); The difference between functions and other variables is that the function has to be run in order to determine its value. When you need to access that value in multiple places in your code, it is more efficient to run the function once and assign the value returned to a variable. That variable is used in the rest of the calculations.

Human Services 322 Ideology and Policy Evolution (Rev.C2) Assignment

Human Services 322 Ideology and Policy Evolution (Rev.C2) - Assignment Example People learn from the society on what to believe and what to say and even how to act. When the society holds the belief that the disabled in society do not need to be accorded any justice or treated fairly because they are not the same as the rest of the people, then everybody else in society will follow suit in the oppression. The societal beliefs are also what makes the rest of the society consider the people living with various forms of disabilities as deserving to suffer whether from humiliation, being treated with hostility or being condemned and especially to those suffering from mental disabilities and do not have the power to fight for their rights (Lightman, 2003). The other cause of oppression to the disabled in society is brought about by a misunderstanding. This misunderstanding is spread through propaganda by the media which depicts the disables as being lazy and hence slow in doing their work. This is clearly a misunderstanding and a misconception because the disabled are slowed down by their significant impairment. A crippled man using clutches for example cannot be expected to work at a faster rate as a normal and abled individual. Some of these people with disabilities also suffer constant pain and hence have to rest every now and then. These are the signs that are misconstrued and regarded as being laziness and slowness while they are indeed trying out their best. The other disabled on the streets seeking assistance are another reason for being regarded as lazy but they are simply seeking help but this does not mean they are lazy (Tomlinson & Trew, 2005). The other cause of oppression is simply dislike for the disabled people because they are different from the rest of the people. The dislike is in such excess as to cause people to make the disabled suffer. The dislike is usually brought about by the fact that the disabled get the welfare assistance, are exempted from

Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Report - Essay Example Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 1.0Overview 4 2.0 Analysis of the Organisation’s Business Environment 5 2.1 Porters Five Forces 5 2.2 Industry Life Cycle 7 2.3 Scale and Scope of Barclays Bank in India 8 2.4 The Key Reasons for Barclays’ Success 9 2.5 Evaluation of Sustainability 9 3. Analysis of the Organisation’s Strategy 10 3.1 Value Chain Analysis 10 3.2 Resources of Barclays Bank 12 3.3 Strategies Adopted by Barclays Bank 12 3.4 Competitive Stance of Barclays 13 4. Critical Appraisal of the Strategy 14 14 5. References 15 1.0 Overview Barclays Bank Plc (Barclays), which is an English bank, is one of the chief financial service providers globally. Barclays entered Indian Retail Banking sector through Global Retail Commercial Banking (GRCB) in the month of May, 2007. The doors of Barclays were opened to commercial customers in India in November 2006 and at present it has around 2000 clients. It provides a wide range of services to its clients such as loans, payments and cash management services, deposits, trade finance as well as treasury solutions. In the present scenario, Barclays Corporate has a set-up of around 50 distribution points. In March 2008, Barclays Finance was launched (Sakariya & Paliwal, 2010). Therefore, in this context, the report endeavours to analyse the business environment of organisation in which key success and sustainability factors of the Bank is explored. The strategy of the Barclays Bank has been analysed with the help of value chain analysis along with analysis of the competitive stance of the bank. In the concluding section, critical appraisal of the strategies has been presented. 2.0 Analysis of the Organisation’s Business Environment 2.1 Porters Five Forces Entry Barriers (High): In the emerging markets such as India, multifarious decisions such as interests on loans, deposits as well as money supply are regulated by Reserve Bank of India. Reserve Bank in India had decided to provide licenses to a few numbers of foreign or new banks in India (RBI, 2010). These entry barriers prevent the entry of any foreign bank in India. A lot of control has to be kept on loan lending, the number of branches which are to be operated in the market and deposit taking. Since the people are likely to invest in the public or governmental sector banks instead of private banks for the purpose of the safety deposits the brand identity for Barclays in not well-known. Also because of the restrictions imposed on the number of branches, rural area people would stay untouched. As far as product differentiation is concerned the strategy of Barclays Bank works for the corporate or urban customers. Barclays Bank’s services which are efficient and quick enable them to attract a lot of customers. Rivalry among Existing Competitors (High): The competitors include private as well as public banks along with microfinance institutions located in rural areas. Acquiring most important stakes in Absa provides Barclays easy access in an untouched market which also helps them in brand visibility (Barclays Bank PLC, 2010). Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Medium): The customers, parent company and other funding sources are the suppliers of the bank from whom the bank can increase funds. In the market, the customers have a high bargaining power. Barclaycard provides an attracting scheme to their customers which in turn help them to get large funds that are important for

Essay --

When people fall asleep, their minds are taken on a journey beyond their control. They sleep through the night and dream for a small fraction of the time, yet dreams feel as if they last for hours, because of the combination of overlapping events, abnormal situations, and extraordinary details. Some people find meaningful interpretations of dreams, while others reject the idea that dreams are relevant to reality. Even though the true purpose of a dream is arguable, people can still benefit from them. Journalism allows a people to extract their dreams from their subconscious state of mind. The concept of a dream journal is to keep record of dreams as they occur. It allows a person to easily retrieve dreams in the past rather than attempting to do so from memory. It is fascinating how imaginative people are during their dreams, yet they struggle to be creative in their writing. Dream journals train the incorporation of creativity and detail in writing and consist of various stories tha t can be either confusing or insightful. Because dreams have numerous features, it is necessary to write down every detail. If one is experiencing trouble using details in personal writing, then dream journals will work in his or her favor, especially if used daily. A person’s writing skills improve due to forming a habit of recalling and recording details. During my sophomore year of high school, my friend Jacob and I had a conversation about lucid dreaming. He described to me that lucid dreaming was the ability to control oneself in a dream. He further explained that I could train myself to experience lucid dreams by keeping track of my dreams in a journal. This conversation sparked my curiosity and I immediately began experimenting. The next morning... ...xtraordinary mental processes such as dreams† (p. 525). A direct relationship exists between creativity and dream recall. The more creativity a person develops, the easier recalling dreams will be. The more dream recall a person does, the easier being creative becomes. Dreams give us access to a world where any scenario is possible. Most dreams may not make sense, but they are really vivid. Imaginations do not disappear when wake up, therefore creativity exists in everyone. Keeping a dream journal is a way to implicate creativity into a person’s everyday life, specifically in his or her writing. After analyzing my personal experience along with Kimberly’s and professional studies, it is evident that dream journaling has a positive influence in creative writing. This proven relationship can be taken advantage of by those interested in improving their writing skills.

Mass disaster response

Mass disaster response is increasing at a very high rate in the world.   Many individuals and communities fall victims of the disaster. Mass disaster has been influenced partly by nature, and partly by man’s actions either deliberately like in the case of terrorists, war, and civil unrest, or through people’s neglects or mishap such as accidents at work or in house fires.   The mass disaster usually causes trauma, and traumatic losses.   Survivors lose their routine way of working, living and relation with others among other daily activities.Some of the mass disaster for example terrorism persist for long period, causing insecurity and exposing individuals to danger or threat of danger, limiting the functioning of individuals in their lives.   The man made disasters have been increasing greatly with the increase in religions, faiths, and beliefs.   The differences in these beliefs, faiths and religion have led to ostracizing and out casting of some individuals from the society.   This has resulted to use of violence as a way of imposing justice (Ashmead-Bartlett 1999). The violence has been used to attack other people in revenge and as a way of imposing justice. In many cases of such attacks, innocent people are attacked for political reasons or against peer groups as a result of antisocial behaviors.The law enforcement should be implemented to respond against the mass disaster in order to identify victims, recover the survivors and the remains of the dead.   The survivors of mass disaster need to be rescued from the disaster, and need to be provided with necessary care and support, to enhance their recovery in terms of health, finance, security and the general continuity of the practices and activities that are carried out to enhance good living.   It is the responsibility of the law enforcement group to investigate, and identify the individuals behind the disasters, investigate the reason of the attack, and place appropriate puni shment to offenders.Research was carried out in regard to the Port Arthur attack, the September 11th attack and the Virginia Technical Institute attack to investigate the cause of attack, what happened during and after the attack, and to determine the measures which the law enforcement group took to help the survivors and to identify and deal with the terrorists.Port ArthurThe Port Arthur massacre in Tasmania took place in 1996 and it involved Martin Bryant who was a loner, shooter and a lair.   This massacre is one of the worst massacres of mass disaster conducted by a single gunman.   The offender had inherited a close friend’s estate, making him to have large amounts of money which he consumed through making several and frequent tours, around the world, and in purchasing of several automatic weapons, which varied in power from high to semi powered.EventsOn the day of crime, Bryant started by killing two people, early during the day, and later while at the Board arrow c afe he made some shooting.   Bryant had taken his lunch outside the cafà ©. When he entered in the cafe, he secured a position in the North-Western corner of the cafe from where he used Colt AR-15 to shoot the people who were seated in the cafe taking lunch.   The shooting captured around twenty people, and after this event Bryant left the cafà © and went out of the cafe, to his car.While at the car at the car park, he changed the weapon, and used a FN-FAL to injure some more four people. At the same scene, he murdered a mother and her two young children who seemed to approach his car, and he then left the scene.As Bryant was driving away from the scene, he stopped at a toll booth, where he met four people in a BMW, shot them dead, and then transferred some of his weapons to the BMW. He left behind his car with an unfired shot gun and drove to a gas station, where he killed a female passenger and forced a man to enter in the boot at gun point.Bryant drove to Seascape hotel and on his way, he fired passing cars severally. On arrival at the Seascape hotel he handcuffed a male hostage inside the guest house, and he burnt the stolen BMW. The special operations group and the police were informed and arrived at the scene to capture him. (Greener 1996).   The siege between Bryant, and the police together with the special operations group surrounded the hotel.The police and the SOP tried very much to get Bryant or rather to make him surrender, to no success.   Many negotiations intervened the situation and tried to convince Bryant through telephones in vain.   Bryant remained inside the hotel, where he kept firing randomly in various directions.   It was discovered that within the course of the siege, Bryant made many firing approximately two hundred and fifty, and in each case he used a different firearm.He set the hotel to fire, burning the arms and he came out of the hotel with burn wounds so when the police arrested him, they had to send him to the h ospital first, to ensure treatment of the burn wounds.   After treatment, he was taken to Risdon Prison and he was detained to await trial.   He made many suicide attempts during this period.The Tasmania police force arrived at the scene of crime, where by some dealt with police forensic services, other crime scene examiners were at the scene which were different from the five scene examiners.   The ballistics had an expert and two trainees.   All this law enforcement team as well as the eye witnessed aimed at getting helpful information concerning the crime, receiving the services of the disaster in all the six separate crime scene for the dead bodies, they needed identification, through forensic services more crime scene examiners were received from New South Wales to help in investigation.   All scenes as well as the remains at the scene were photographed.ResponseMany individuals teamed up and in responded to the crimes. The teams consisted fire arm examiners, crime sce ne examiners, photographers and fire scene examiners.   The teams were assigned the scene areas.   Every detail was recorded and the bodies were not maintained until later in the evening.   Each crime scene was considered and examined separately, but in many of the scenes there was contamination caused by public observers, and some of evidence materials were lost on the process.   The media had access to various crime scenes but were restricted from the scenes where bodies had not been recovered or removed.Bryant pled guilty and was sentenced to life without parole. After further investigation on the cause of the offence, it was discovered that Bryant had intellectual difficulties but this did not stop judge from considering him accountable for his actions.   The judge described him as a pathetic social misfit semi automatic and automatic weapons were banned in Tasmania and federal laws were proposed to limit the handling and use of guns.September 11thOn this date al-Qaeda organized and co-ordinate a series of suicide attacks upon United States.   In the morning of the 11th of September, nineteen terrorists consisting of al-Qaeda, hijacked a number of commercial passenger jet airlines, and later they intentionally crashed two airlines in the world trade centre complex.   Each of the team of the hijackers had a trained pilot as a member who controlled the airline.Each of the towers of world trade centre complex was struck by a plane.   The crash made the buildings to collapse, and this caused damages to the nearby buildings.   The collapse of the building caused death of many people among which were nationals from various countries, and the civilians and the nineteen hijackers.   A number of people went missing and were presumed dead.   The dust which was emitted by the collapsing building caused death of a number of people, and also caused lung disease.Rescue recoveryThe New York fire department provided two hundred units, which consisted half of the department to the scene of crime.   The emergency medical technicians and large numbers of fire fighters department.   The police department provided police personnel and emergency service unites.   The fire department, commanders, police department and port authority police searched for the citizens and with little effort to coordinate the agencies.The conditions continued to deteriorate as the building continued to collapse and burn.   The helicopters of various departments were used to communicate to people the message and orders to evacuate.   This helped many of the officials to leave the building before it collapsed fully and those who evacuated were safe.The fire department officials and the police department officials used radio to communicate, and as the building continued to collapse and burn, the communication became incompatible such that the commander could not get information.   After the collapse of the first tower of the radio repeater system in the world trade centre could no longer function, and this hindered the communication of the evacuation orders between the fire department officers and the fire fighters who were inside the towers (Barrett and Collins 2006).The emergency telephone number which was being used to convey message of evacuation was interfered with by the commotion, and although the dispatchers received information from people who called 9-1-1, the message could not be passed along effectively.A search and rescue operation was launched immediately after the attack, but the efforts to rescue, recover and identify the victims of the attack took long period to be completed (Fox News Network 2002).ResponseThe New York fire officers, emergency medical technicians and police department teamed up to rescue the people who were in the towers.   The fire department provided fire fighters to fight the fire, the emergency medical technicians helped the victims of the attack in giving first aid and returning the severely injured individuals to hospital to get further treatment, and the police officers and the forensic researchers continually helped the victims to get out of the scene.The crime scene examiners and forensic examiners worked hard in determining the security Act of 2002 was signed.   The patriot Act was also made to ensure detection and prosecution of terrorists and other criminals.   The national security agency operation was implemented to help to eavedrop on telephone and email communication various people across the seas without a warrant.The Muslim and Arab immigrants were registered and finger prints in accordance to 1940 alien registration act.   The military force was later used to prevent and deter the international terrorism against United States.The Virginia Technical InstituteA gun man first killed a man and woman in Virginia Technical Institute’s West Ambler Johnston co-ed residential dormitory which houses 895 people.   About two hours later, the mo re than two dozens people were attacked and half a mile away from the first shooting.   The gunman found dead on the second crime scene, and since he had no identifying material the authority took time to identify him.   The dormitory shooting was considered as an isolated case and the campus did not close, instead the dormitory was closed as it was thought that the gunman had fled from the campus.Rescue and RecoveryOutside McBryde Hall, there were two policemen who ordered people to run when people heard gunshots, they started running to the library where they remained for about two hours.   The officials from US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, explosive and firearms engaged in collecting shell casing.   The authority put efforts in tracing the history of the weapon used in the rampage.   The crime scene examiners arrived at the scene. (Rostron and Siebel, 2007). The policemen, crime scene eye witnesses engaged in getting helpful information relating to crime and criminal.Res ponseThe police officers institution authority students and the forensic officials teamed and collected all necessary information regarding the crime in the two scenes.   The ballistic experts tried to trace the weapon used in the shooting, while the forensic officers together with the police collected evidence materials from the two scenes of crime which were to be used in further investigations.The media was allowed inside the institution but was restricted from the scene where the bodies were lying.   President Bush responded by praying for the involved and he showed deep concern for the victims, their families, students and all the people who were affected by the shocking incident (Christian Science Monitor 2008).Reference:Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis. The Siege of Port Arthur. New York: Blackwood & Sons, 1999.Barrett, and Collins, D. Grand Illusion: The Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 untold story. New York: Harper Collins, 2006.Christian Science Monitor. Virginia technical shooting. 17 April. 2007. Christian Science Monitor.23 April. 2008 http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0417/p25s01-usgn.htmlFOX News Network. Timeline of WTC recovery. 29 May. 2002. FOX News Network.23 April. 2008 http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,53997,00.htmlGreener, William. Port Arthur’s Secrets. Boston, Archibald Constable, 1996.Rostron, and Siebel, B. No gun left behind – Gun lobby's campaign to push guns into schools and colleges. Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence. 2007.